SOUTH AFRICA

 Ce mois ci, les élèves de la 4eme7 vous emmènent en Afrique du Sud. Ils vous font découvrir les monuments de la Langue Afrikaans et le Rhodes Monument, les villes de Prétoria et Johannesburg, le président actuel Jacob Zuma, le film A Long Walk to Freedom racontant la vie de Nelson Mandela, la chanteuse de jazz Sathima Bea Benjamin, la Coupe du monde de Football 2010, le parc naturel et la reserve animalière du Kruger, les magnifiques lions blancs et pour terminer sur une note gourmande comme d'habitude, vous pourrez découvrir les recettes du pain à la viande qu'on appelle Bobotie et la tarte au lait

Bonne lecture.

Melle Kahel

SOUTH AFRICA - Cities

PRETORIA

Pretoria is a city and the administrative capital of South Africa. It was also from 1860 to 1902 the capital of the southern African Republic of Transvaal . It is now located in the province of Gauteng. The name of the city was chosen as a tribute to Adries Pretorius, a native of Graaff-Reinet, a Boer leaderof the Voortreker, winner of the Battle of Blood River against the Zulus in 1838, during the Great Trek.

Pretoria has its own motto: " Pretoria is the first in excellence."

The Pretoria International Airport is the same as that of Johannesburg known as OR Tambo International airport (formerly Jan Smuts International Airport and Johannesburg International Airport ).

Another small airport is located in Midrand, and a large military air base on the outskirts of the city.

Pretoria presents a real tourist interest, it does not suffer as much of the insecurity we can find in Johannesburg and it can also be visited largely on foot to reach its main points of interest. This is often why tourists prefer to stay before embarking on the discovery of the Transvaal reserves. The best season to visit the city is the austral spring (October- November) when the jacaranda trees are in bloom, giving an indigo color to the streets of the city.

Flag of Pretoria

Johannesburg

Johannesburg is a city and a metropolis of South Africa, founded in 1887 in the Transvaal and current capital as the province of Gauteng , the richest of South Africa. The Greater Johannesburg is one of the thirty largest metropolitan areas in the world with nearly ten million inhabitants and is one of the six largest African cities. Johannesburg is sometimes wrongly referred to as the capital of South Africa.

Located on the gold deposit of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg is nevertheless considered as the economic capital of the country where the South African stock exchange is located.

It is also the site of the South African Constitutional Court.

The population of the city of Johannesburg is approximately 7.1 million inhabitants ( 3,888,180 inhabitants in the center), it is by far the most populous city in the country.

With its metropolitan area , it is the third most populous city in Africa . The city hosted the Earth Summit in 2002 ; second Earth Summit called " top of Joburg 'for associations and NGOs who held a parallel summit to the States 10 years after the" Rio Earth Summit " in 1992.

MARINE & REMY

SOUTH AFRICA - Monuments

Monument of the Afrikaans Language

The Monument of the Afrikaans language is the only monument in the world dedicated to a language. It is located on a hill for university teacher training in Paarl, South Africa. Erected in 1975, it celebrates the centennial of the declaration that Afrikaans is a separate Dutch language. The monument consists of various tapering structures with symbols of the influences of different languages ​​and cultures on Afrikaans itself.

This monument represents several policies like . :
  
A clear Western-European language heritage
Magical Africa - African influences on language
Bridge - between Europe and Africa
Afrikaans - the language itself
Republic - declared in one
The Malay language and Malay culture
Afrikaans is the language that connects Western Europe and Africa
Here is an example of Afrikaans and then its translation into French :

Afrikaans is die taal wat vir - Wes Europa Afrika verbind ... Said vorm 'n brug tussen die groot helder in Weste ... In Afrika magiese die daar wat aan GROOTS Hulle vereniging kan ontspruit - said is wat vir Afrikaans miskien voorlê om ontdek you. Maar wat moet ons nooit Vergeet denies , is dat van hierdie verandering land in landskap as't ware aan die taal Nuwe wordende geslyp , geknee , gebrei het ... In so het Afrikaans in staat om geword hierdie Nuwe land uit Te .. . Ons taak lê wat in die gebruik

ons maak maak van hierdie in sal glansende werktuig ...
 Afrikaans is the language that connects Western Europe and Africa ... It forms a bridge to the contact between the greatness of Western civilization and the magic of Africa ... And all that may arise from their majestic union, Afrikaans will probably discover in the coming years. But we must never forget that this country change and landscape polished, brewed and woven this Newborn among languages ​​Afrikaans ... And so was able to hear the story of this new land. We are now responsible for the use that we make and that we will do this wonderful tool.

Rhodes Memorial

Rhodes Memorial is a monument located at the foot of Devil's Peak in the national park of Table Mountain in South Africa. The monument honors the memory and vision of Cecil Rhodes, the former prime minister.

It was a recognition of the contribution of Cecil Rhodes in Cape Town and the colony.
The site chosen to build the monument was originally the favorite place of Rhodes in Cape Town when he walked on the slopes of the Table Mountain.
Rhodes Memorial occasionally hosts events or performances even if it is not its primary purpose.
The monument is thus used as a theater or sets shows such as the Amazing Race television show, including the Australian version of the show in 2010 and the French shows Fear Factor or the final of Pekin Express 6, The Route of Big Cats (2011).

ERTON & MURAT

SOUTH AFRICA - Important People

Jacob Zuma

Jacob Zuma, born April 12, 1942, became the 4 th President of the Post Apartheid South Africa on May 9, 2009 at Nkandla in his native province's of South Africa . He spent his childhood between the Zulu-land , where he cared for cows and the suburbs of the city of Durban. His father died as a policeman in 1945. His mother ws a servant maid . He could not go to school because there was racism (Apartheid).

Political activism and imprisonment (1959-1975)

He became a member of the African National Congress in 1959 and an active member of its armed wing, “Umkhonto We Sizwe” in 1962, following the banning of the ANC in 1960. Zuma was then a big man, certainly with a little knowledge, but brave.

In 1963, he organised a network of clandestine activity in the province of Natal, he was arrested with his 20 recruits near the town of Zeerust in the west of the province of Transvaal. Convicted of conspiring to overthrow the government, he was sentenced to ten years in prison and sent to serve his sentence in Robben Island prison. It was during his incarceration on Robben Island, thanks to lessons offered by other prisoners as Govan Mbeki, that Jacob Zuma learnt to read, write and become familiar with the debate of ideas. He was released in 1973 and immediately tried to reactivate the ANC in the province of Natal.

Exile (1975-1990)

 Back into hiding and wanted by the police, he left South Africa in 1975 to Swaziland then settled in 1977 in Mozambique, now independent and organized support for exiled people after the riot of Soweto in 1976.

In 1977 he became a member of the national executive committee of the ANC and the vice president of the representation of the ANC in Mozambique until 1984 , when he became president.

In 1984, Zuma was forced to leave Mozambique as a result of agreements between Mozambique and South Africa. He joined the ANC headquarters in Lusaka, Zambia, where he became head of the intelligence services and participated in the organization of the armed wing of the ANC.

He was now both a member of the political council and the military council of the ANC.

Return and political ascension (1990 – 1999)

Following the legalization of the ANC in 1990 by the government of Frederik de Klerk, He was one of the first exiled leaders of the movement to return to South Africa to begin the negotiation process.

In 1991, Zuma was elected Deputy Secretary General of the ANC at the request of Nelson Mandela. He then dealt with the return of exiles and fighters and gaining recognition of his countrymen by becoming, in 1994, the main architect of peace in Natal, ending ethnic and fratricidal clashes between the ANC and the Zulus of Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP ).

During he first multiethnic elections in April 1994, Zuma was the party's candidate for prime minister of the new province of KwaZulu-Natal, but he was finally carried away by Inkatha rivals. However he was appointed to the Executive Committee on Economic Affairs and Tourism in the province involving the two former rival movements of KwaZulu -Natal.

Clement et Dylan

SOUTH AFRICA - Cinema

Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom

This is a British-South African biographical film directed by Justin Chadwick , released in 2013. This is the adaptation of the autobiography A Long Walk to Freedom (1994) written by Nelson Mandela, recounting his childhood, his political career, anti- apartheid struggles and years of prison.

It was presented at the International Film Festival in Toronto in 2013 and released on November 28, 2013 in South Africa a few days before the death of Nelson Mandela, on December 5, 2013

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Shooting

Lol Crawley, director of photography, began filming in May 2012 in South Africa, specifically in KwaZulu-Natal. The shooting took place during sixteen weeks in Cape Town, the provincial capital of the Western Cape, Johannesburg, Gauteng and the Eastern Cape (the birthplace of Nelson Mandela ) until mid- September 2012.

The film crew and actors in the Videovision Entertainment production went to the prison on Robben Island, off Cape Town. It was in this prison that Nelson Mandela was imprisoned and sentenced for 18 years ( a total of about 27 years of imprisonment) and where he wrote his memoirs from 1974 to 1990, the year of his release. Among the 12,000 extras, the director and the sound director sought for 140 former prisoners who knew Nelson Mandela so that the film was closer to reality.

Producers of Videovision Entertainment, along with those of Distant Horizon, have appealed to many South African actors. In March 2012, the British actor Idris Elba was finally chosen to play the role of Nelson Mandela. Like Morgan Freeman, Danny Glover, David Harewood, Dennis Haysbert, Terrence Howard, Clarke Peters, Sidney Poitier, the actor did not yet obtained South African citizenship. The main problem was the size. Nelson Mandela wa a tall man. On average, South African actors were not tall enough", explained the casting director.

Release:

Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom had its world premiere at the International Film Festival in Toronto in September 2013.
This film was screened in the United States and Canada on November 29, 2013 . In France it was released just before Christmas, precisely on December 18, 2013 .

Critical reception

 The biopic has changed the environment of the figurehead of the struggle against Apartheid. Winnie Mandela told she had " no words " to express what she felt while watching the film, stressing its loyalty in "the transcript of the pain of the past ".

"We need to remember where we came from and how this freedom was hard to tear and it had a very heavy price", said Winnie, now 76 years old, played on screen by young British actress Noamie Harris. During the 27 years of detention of her husband, she kept the flame of resistance, paying dearly for this commitment, including the prison. Mandela 's daughter also enjoyed the biopic "rich in emotion."

Box Office

South Africa
From the first weekend, the film was a success at the South African box office, with more than 4.4 billion rand collected (over 427 thousand dollars).

The History of Mandela

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela ( Xhosa pronounced [ Xoliala Mandela ] ) whose tribal clan name was " Madiba ", was born on the 18^th of July 1918 in Mvezo (Union of South Africa ) and died on December 5^th, 2013 in Johannesburg. He was one of the historic leaders of the struggle against the institutional political system of racial segregation ( Apartheid ) before becoming president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, following the first non-racial national elections of the country's history.

Adrien and Amaury

SOUTH AFRICA - Music

Sathima Bea Benjamin

Beatrice Benjamin was born on the 17^th of October 1936 in Johannesburg and died on the 20^th of August 2013 in Cape Town. She was a singer and songwriter in South Africa.

Beatrice Benjamin began her career by participating in the road show tour called Coloured Jazz and Variety established by the impresario Arthur Klugman. Returning to Cape Town in 1959, she met her future husband, the pianist Adolph Brand, then known under the pseudonym Dollar Brand. In 1965 they got married. The couple was a membre of the African National Congress and militated against the apartheid. With this duet they recorded My Songs for You, an album of jazz standards, that will never be sold. The couple decided to leave the country after the Sharpeville massacre, which occurred in March 1960, and moved to Europe.

Her discography included several albums, including Dedication, released in 1982 and nominated in the Grammy Awards. In 2004, the singer was awarded the silver medal order of Ikhamanga.

They met Duke Ellington in Zurich in 1963. Benjamin persuaded him to attend a concert of the duet. Learning that she was a singer, the American pianist asked to hear her voice. Convinced of the talent of Brand and Benjamin, Ellington allowed them to record an album for the label Reprise Records. Duke Ellington Presented the Dollar Brand Trio, which was released in 1964, but the record company believed that the commercial potential of the record was too low. It was not sold before 1997.

In 1965, the singer accompanied Ellington on stage during his performance at the Newport Jazz Festival. The same year, Benjamin and Brand married during a stay in London.

In 1968, they converted to Islam and adopted the name Abdullah Ibrahim and Sathima. The singer then chose the stage name Sathima Bea Benjamin. During the 1960s , the couple lived between Europe and New York. After recording two albums that have not emerged, Benjamin barely broke into the world of jazz.

She returned to South Africa in 2011. She gave three concerts during the summer.

Mélanie

SOUTH AFRICA - Sport

Football World Cup

Preparation

Five new stadiums were built for the tournament (three places for matches and two new golf training sites), and five of the existing venues were to be improved. Construction costs were expected to be 8.4 billion

Designation of the host country

After the failure of South Africa against Germany with a single voice in 2006 The FIFA decided to award the organization of the competition in a country on the African continent. After the removal of the Libya and Tunisia, the Executive Committee met on the 15^th of May 2004 in Zurich and chose South Africa by 14 votes against 10 votes and 0 votes for Morocco .Nelson Mandela, the former South African President and Nobel Peace Prize winner in 1993, then declared that he felt "like a boy of fifteen." Mandela probably tipped the balance in favor of South Africa On the 7^th of July 2006, the logo of thefuture competition wa unveiled, representing a stylized player making a bicycle with a background representation the African continent.

During the World Cup in South Africa in 2010, the winner was Spain 1-0 against The Netherlands. It was the nineteenth edition of the World Cup, it was held from the 11^th of June to the 11^th of July 2010. There were 34 teams including France, which had gone on strike and did not want to play one of the matches.

This World Cup has seen many firsts , including the elimination of the Italian team (winner of the previous edition) and France, finalists of the previous edition, just after the first round of the 2010 World Cup. Moreover, South Africa became the first host of the world Cup to fail to qualify for the end of the group stage. It is also the first time a European country won outside its continent.

Theo & Oceane

SOUTH AFRICA - Kruger Park

The Kruger Wildlife Park

The Kruger National Park is the largest game reserve in South Africa. Its size is comparable to those of Israel or Wales. It covers more than 20,000 km2, it is 350 km long from north to south and 60 km wide from east to west. The park is located in the north-eastern Transvaal. It is bordered to the west and south by the provinces of Limpopo and Mpumalanga, northern Zimbabwe, and to the east by Mozambique. It covers most of the eastern low territories.

The park is now combined with the Gonarezhou National Park in Zimbabwe, and with the Limpopo National Park in Mozambique, the great Limpopo Transfrontier Park.

Parts of the Kruger park

In 1896, under the leadership of President Paul Kruger, the Transvaal parliament approved the principle of a small animal reserve near the Sabie River.

In 1898, the Sabie Game Reserve was created.

After the Second Boer War in 1902, Major James Stevenson-Hamilton was appointed as the first keeper of the reserve. A few months later, the reserve grew between the Sabie River and Olifants River areas.

In 1903, the northern area was built in protection against hunters under the name Singwitsi Game Reserve including a triangle of land between the Limpopo and Luvuvhu rivers meeting the borders of Mozambique, South Africa and Southern Rhodesia area (later Zimbabwe).

Bust of Paul Kruger surrounded by Piet Grobler and those of James Stevenson-Hamilton camp Skukuza

The Kruger National Park is divided into six ecosystems, 1982 species of plants. There are also over 517 species of birds among which 253 are permanent residents. There is a wide variety of other birds, many of which are present in this park in South Africa.

Ducks, Storks, Herons, Raptors, Pigeons, Parrots, Weavers, Larks, Ostriches, Guinea Fowls, Metal Merles.

Pics	Rollier	Eaters	Martin-pêcheurs
Francolins	Laniidae	Drongos	Bulbuls

ENZO & QUENTIN

SOUTH AFRICA - Animals

The White Lion

It is subject to selective breeding in zoos around the world. According to some African beliefs , this animal is divine and brings luck if your cross its path. Its existence was revealed to the public years ago. Their fur color varies from blond to almost pure white. This color gives the Lions a disadvantage in the nature because it makes them more visible to their prey.

The white lion is an endangered animal.

Like white tigers, this form has risks of inbreeding and therefore occurrence of genetic disorders such as heart problems or paralysis.

The first observations of white lions go back to 1928 and the early 1940s. In 1959, a clan with two white lion cubs was observed near the Kruger National Park before disappearing.

 

The mystery of the White Lions « is a book with many revelations on many levels ».

Firstly, and this is the most important point is the fascinating story of a rare genetic anomaly, lions with blue eyes and amber eyes that are truly white and not albino. It appears that the white lion can not be a random mutation, because otherwise it would have spread throughout the bioregion, which is not the case. These specimens are confined to the sacral region of Timbavati. In their case, the recessive white gene does not produce albino and probably involves a game of cat genes which to date are not determined.

Although the first observation of a white lion by a European witness dates only from 1938, the Zulu shaman associates the apparition of these lions after the fall of a meteorite in Timbavati around 1600.
Their identity can not be understood from outside the region in which they appeared: Timbavati, which means "place of arrival on the ground" was a sacred place well before it was declared a game reserve by the President of White South Africa, Paul Kruger. Sangaan shamans, known for their expertise in knowledge of lions traditionally forbade hunting in the Timbavati region .

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Timbavati is located on a major meridian, a line that goes from north to south, the Nilotic meridian (31 ° of longitude ) passing through the Giza plateau on which, at a time which is indeterminate in the antiquity, a massive stone lion was erected, the Sphinx. Southbound in the depths of Africa, the meridian passes through Laetoli, Tanzania, and the ruins of Great Zimbabwe, a huge megalithic tradition associated with the lion. At its terminus, this meridian reached the Sterkfontein Caves in South Africa, not far from the area where the white lions appeared. The Nilotic meridian is connected with the most important archaeological sites in regard to the current theory of human evolution, the Leotoli and Olduvai Gorge, where the primate skeleton called Lucy was discovered, in the Rift Valley, a rift created by the seismic uplift of the mantle of the Earth.

Linda Tucker suggests that the phenomenon of white lions is deeply correlated with what we know, but we have yet to learn about the origins of our own species and about our survival over the long term . It connects with the Nilotic meridian Zulu legend of an underground river, corresponding to the Nile, which flows all the way to the tip of Africa and also with the overthrow of the North-South magnetism of the Earth, which poles should soon be reversed if scientists and geologists are right.

ALLAN & VALENTIN

SOUTH AFRICA - Food

South African Meatloaf

One of South Africa's most popular dishes is a form of meatloaf called Bobotie. Food in South Africa varies by region, and Bobotie is considered a Cape Town or Western Cape dish, but it is so popular throughout the country that it is sometimes considered one of South Africa's signature dishes. It is a slightly sweet meatloaf flavored with curry spices, dried apricots and almonds, and is topped with whipped eggs. It arrived in South Africa several hundred years ago from the East Indies and became one of the signature dishes of Cape Town's "coloured" community.

Recipe for meatloaf :

1 slice of stale bread (white or brown)
1 tablespoon of milk
25 g of blanched almonds
2 tablespoons of olive oil
2 onions, finely chopped
2 cloves garlic, finely chopped
1 tablespoon of curry powder
2 eggs
1 tablespoon of sugar
1 tablespoon of salt
A pinch of ground black pepper
A pinch of turmeric powder
The juice of one lemon
3 tablespoons of sweet and sour sauce with finely chopped mango
40 g of raisins finely chopped
1 teaspoon of grated lemon zest
900 g of minced beef

It takes 1 hour 55 minutes in the oven to be ready

1. Preheat your oven to 180 º C ( gas mark 6 ). In a bowl, soak the bread in the milk. Fry the almonds in a pan and chop finely .
2 . Heat oil in a pan. Fry the onions and garlic until they are golden brown. Add the curry.
3 . Squeeze the bread and put the excess milk aside. In a bowl, combine onion , bread and all the ingredients (except eggs ) .
4. Butter a loaf pan. Fill the mold with the mixture and smooth the surface. Bake for 1 hour.
Beat 5 eggs with the milk and pour over meatloaf. Bake an additional 20 minutes until the surface is golden brown.

South African melktert

Meaning "milk tart" in Afrikaans, Melktert is a South African dessert. This is a sweet pastry crust containing a creamy filling made ​​with milk, flour, sugar and eggs.

The ratio of milk to egg is higher than in a traditional European cream tart or pie Chinese eggs
resulting in a lighter texture and a stronger milk flavor.

It takes 1 hour 20 minutes to be ready

45 g of melted butter
200 g of caster sugar
3 egg yolks
150 g of flour
1 teaspoon of yeast
1 pinch of salt
1 teaspoon of vanilla extract liquid
1 l of milk
3 egg whites
1 teaspoon of ground cinnamon
! Teaspoon of caster sugar

1. Preheat your oven to 190 ° C. Grease a pie plate.
2 . In a large bowl , beat together the butter and sugar until the mixture is smooth. Add the egg yolks and beat . Stir in flour, baking powder and salt and mix well. Add vanilla and milk. In another bowl, beat egg whites until stiff peaks form solid. Add to the other mixture and mix gently with a wooden spoon. Pour into a pie plate and sprinkle the top with a sugar and cinnamon powder mixture .
3. Bake for 25 minutes, then reduce temperature to 165 ° C. Cook for 25-30 minutes, until the center is fixed. Serve hot or cold .

Ibrahim & Luis