AUSTRALIA

Ce mois ci, les élèves de la 4eme7 vous emmènent en Australie. Ils vous font découvrir le Mont Uluru (ou Ayer's Rock), la ville de Melbourne au sud du continent, lieu sportif de renom, des personnalités telles que James Cook, l'explorateur Britannique qui a été le premier Européen à poser le pied en Australie, le groupe de hard rock AC/DC, l'acteur Hugh Jackman ou l'équipe de Cricket d'Australie.  Ils vous parlent aussi du grand chasseur de crocodiles Steve Irwin, d'animaux typiques comme le Koala,  pour toujours terminer en gourmandise avec nos recettes, cette fois ils vous proposent de fabriquer des Lamingtons.

Bonne lecture.

Melle Kahel

AUSTRALIA - Landmark

Mount Uluru

Description : Mount Uluru, also known as Ayers Rock, is a sandstone mountain located in the Northern Territory, in the center of the main island of Australia. It rises 348 meters above the plain. It is a sacred place for the Aboriginal people Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara and at the base of which they sometimes practice rituals and produce rock paintings of great cultural importance. This, combined with geological and hydrological peculiarities, as well as remarkable colors it can take, especially at sunset, made it a symbol of Australia, since its discovery in 1873


It is listed on the World Heritage List of UNESCO through the Uluru- Kata Tjuta National Park (also known as Mount Olga ), one of the iconic formations. This park also protects the delicate species adapted to the arid climate of the outback, and are an important Anangu resource .

History
Mount Uluru is located in the southwest of the Northern Territory and is also at the heart of Australia. Mount Uluru has a height of 348 meter from the ground to the top

In the mythology of the Anangu Aboriginal, at the very beginning, there was Tjukurpa, the Dreamtime. The Earth was flat and then empty , without light or darkness, and nature was awaiting the arrival of the divine hero who would give it shape and life. They are the ones who created the Uluru, the Red Centre, the sacred mountain, witnessed all the events.

Between 1918 and 1921, large areas along South Australia, Western Australia, and Northern Territory, Aboriginal reserves were classified, thereby providing sanctuaries for nomadic people who had virtually no contact with the settlers.

Australian Aborigines are the first human known to have mainland . They are, with the natives of the Torres Strait, the Aboriginal population of the Pacific state. The most common aboriginal word generally refers to one whose ancestors were the earliest known inhabitants of his native land .

Marine & Remy 

AUSTRALIA - City

Melbourne

Melbourne is the second largest metropolitan area in Australia after Sydney. It had 4,250,000 inhabitants in 2012. Near the Port Phillip Bay, south- east of Australia, Melbourne is the capital of Victoria. In English these people are called Malburnians. Melbourne is an important commercial center for the country. This city is often referred to as the sporting and cultural capital of Australia because it hosts many events and cultural institutions and among the largest ones in the country.

Melbourne was founded by the British colonists in 1835, 47 years after the installation of the first European colony in Sydney, as an area of ​​agricultural development around the Yarra River. The settlemnt quickly turned into a city during a rush to Victoria in 1850s and became the “marvelous Melbourne”. It became the largest city in Australia in 1865 but was overtaken by Sydney and in the early twentieth century, Melbourne saw several of its federal seats move to the new city of Canberra in 1927 marking the end of a period when Australia had no capital.

The Australian open

The Australian Open was created in 1905, it had 102 editions. It is part of the grand slam competition for professional tennis players.
It takes place every year in Melbourne, Australia and is held in January.
The tournament was first played on grass from 1905 to 1987 and then on a synthetic hard surface.
The Australian Open is one of four tournaments that are in the Grand Slam. The other three are the « Internationaux de France de Tennis » in Roland Garros in Paris, Wimbledon in London and the U.S. Open Tournaments. These four are the most important tennis tournaments circuit. Organized in recent years during the second half of January, the Australian Open is chronologically the first big event of the tennis season. As Wimbledon, this tournament has a central court equipped with a sliding roof used in case of bad weather or high temperatures.

Dylan & Clément

AUSTRALIA - Famous People

James Cook

James cook was a British explorer and cartographer, born on November, 7^th 1728 in Marton and died in Hawaï in 1779.
He was a fine navigator and organised three trips during which he was the first to land on the east coast of Australia in 1768.

James Cook came from a relatively poor family. Son of James Cook, a farmer and Grace. He was born in city attached to the local church of St Cuthberts in Marton, where his name appears in the register of baptisms. At the age of 13, he began working with his father in the farm management
When aged 17 , Cook was apprenticed to a draper in a fishing village. According to the legend, Cook first felt the call of the sea looking out of the window from the store. After a year and a half , William Sanderson, the business owner decreed that Cook was not made for trade and led him to the harbour where he presented him to John and Henry Walker, traders and owners of several ships. Cook was hired as an apprentice merchant in the navy fleet . At the same time, he studied.

Once the three years of learning ended, Cook worked on commercial vessels. He quickly rose through the ranks, and was offered the command of a ship called Friendship . However Cook thought that his career would advance more quickly in the navy. Yet this meant to start at the bottom of the hierarchy and it was as a simple sailor that he was committed to the HMS Eagle. He was quickly promoted. After two years, he passed his MA examination, enabling him to command a ship of the Royal Fleet. After his service in the UK, he joined in the British Royal Navy. The young James Cook drew the attention of his superiors at a crucial moment of his personal career and he was rewarded with the direction of the British expeditions in overseas territories. He was then appointed commander of the first of his three expeditions to the Pacific Ocean. Two other expeditions followed, establishing the first accurate maps of many islands and coasts.

He showed a talent for cartography and mapping. He set coast maps, he established the first accurate maps of large-scale coast of islands along the way of his expeditions. But he is mainly remembered for having discovered Australia.

BAZIN VALENTIN & ALLAN GUSTIN

AUSTRALIA - Music

AC/DC

AC/DC is the abbreviation for alternating current / direct current or, in short "AC/DC". After seeing the acronym "AC/DC" on a vacuum (or according to some sources, on a sewing machine), Margaret, the sister of Malcolm and Angus, had the idea to adopt this symbol as the group name.The Young brothers at the origin of the group felt that this name symbolized the raw energy of the band and love for their music.

AC/DC is pronounced one letter at a time, except in Australia, where the group is called "Acca Dacca".

Born in Glasgow, Scotland, the brothers George (1947), Malcolm (born 1953) and Angus Young (born 1955) emigrated with their families in Australia in 1963 and settled in the suburbs of Sydney.

The composition of AC/DC underwent many changes before the release of the second album in Australia, TNT in 1975. It remained unchanged until the singer Mark Evans was replaced by Cliff Williams in 1977. In 1979 the group enjoyed worldwide success with its album Highway to Hell.

On February 19^th, 1980, the singer and co-lyricist Bon Scott, drowned in his own vomit after a night of heavy alcohol consumption. The group then considered the idea of a dissolution but the old Geordie singer Brian Johnson was selected as a replacement for Bon Scott. The same year, the band released the album Back in Black, their world's largest success to date.

The next album, For Those About to Rock We Salute You, was a great success and was the first of their albums to reach the top spot in sales in the United States. AC/DC's popularity began to decline in 1983, when Phil Rudd left the group to found his helicopter transport company in Sydney. The drummer became Simon Wright until 1989, and then Chris Slade, until the return of Phil Rudd in 1994. It was from 1996 that the band's popularity rose again.

The latest album to date, Black Ice, released on October 20^th, 2008, was their greatest success in the charts since For Those About to Rock, reaching the top in many countries.

In 2008, AC/DC sold over 200 million albums worldwide including 71 million in the United States. During its 39 years of existence it was considered as a pioneer of hard rock for all the generations from the birth of the group. Sales of Back in Black are estimated to 50 million copies worldwide, making it the second most sold album in the world behind Michael Jackson's Thriller album. The album sold 22 million copies in the United States alone, where it is the 5th best selling album.

Angus Young
( AC/DC 's guitar player)

Enzo PISTAT and Quentin BIET

AUSTRALIA - Cinema

Hugh Jackman

Hugh Jackman Michael is his full name. He was born in Australia, more precisely in Sydney on October 12^th, 1968.
In his youth he was graduated in journalism from the University of Technology in Sydney. He studied acting at the Western Australian Academy. He started as an actor in the Australian series Corelli in 1995.
He appeared for the first time on the big screen in the romantic comedy Paperback Hero. He knew first international success when he was offered to play in the movie X-MEN directed by Bryan Singer.

In the X-MEN he has the role of Logan (Wolverine which means “wolf man”) Logan was a soldier in the army and was the subject of experiments ordered by army generals to create a perfect soldier.They introduced adamantium inside of his skeleton and later, after a fight against his own brother, he found a place where mutants were saved by Professor Xavier. Logan was proposed to become an X-man. He refused because of his solo temper but after he agreed to join the X-men.

Then followed many films and he played roles such as:

Kate and Leopold or Real Steel

Real Steel is a movie that tells the story of a former boxer, Charlie Kenton, who, after having a son, abandoned his wife and devoted himself to fighting robots. One day he learnt that the mother of his son died and that he would have to take care of his son. After difficult beginnings, father and son learn to know each other while they go further and further in the fighting robots championship.

We already know that he will be in 2015 in the role of Black Beard in the film Pan and another film called Chappie

Hugh Jackman went on stage with Daniel Craig (present time James Bond) for a contemporary play

Hugh Jackman was nominated in numerous categories such as:
_ Teen Choice Awards for Best Actor in 2012 for Les Miserables
_ People's Choice Awards for the best team on the screen for X-Men Origins: Wolverine , etc...

Erton & Murat

AUSTRALIA - Sport

Australia Cricket Team

Creation and Beginnings (1868-1880)
The first Australian team to tour abroad was a selection composed entirely of Aboriginal players in 1886. The team won 14 of the 47 games they played for 5 months.
In 1877, a team of English players led by James Lillywhite toured in the southern hemisphere. On March 15^th began a match on the Melbourne Cricket Ground organized under the name of All England vs A Combined New South Wales and Victoria XI. The Australian team was in fact made ​​up of players from New South Wales and Victoria. This match went down in history as the first cricket match.

Postwar

On the 17^th of December 1920 started “the Ashes”. This was the first series of cricket competition after WWI. The Australian team , led by captain Warwick Armstrong and Charlie Macartney, was the first to win all the games in this series, a performance that was to be reissued only in 2006-2007 . This team even connected a record series of eight consecutive wins in the competition , winning the first three games of the next series, played on the English soil in 1921 , again with Armstrong at its head. The British put an end to the domination of the Australian competition taking their revenge 1-0 in 1926 and detained the title in 1928-1929 by crushing Australia 4-1 .
Reconstruction (1987-1995)

In 1987, the World Cup was held for the first time outside of England, in India. In 1986, the Australian Cricket Board tried to stem the bad run of results in the recent years and appointed Bob Simpson as coach and built a team around captain Allan Border. Led by Border, they managed to beat England in the final of the World Cup in 1987
Australia also won the Ashes in 1989 and never gave up the trophy for sixteen years.

1999 World Cup 

Michael Clarke, captain from 2011.

Between early 2007 and early 2009, many of the most experienced Australian team players took their international retirement. In October 2008, the selection was defeated in a series of test matches for the first time since the 2005 Ashes. They were beaten in four games, 2-0 by India. During the 2008-2009 season , Australians lost their first series of test matches at home in 16 years. However, they took their revenge a few months later, in South Africa , reversing the score.

During the 2011 World Cup , Pakistan ended a series of 34 games without defeat for Australia in the competition , which began in 1999. The defeat in the Ashes of 2010-2011 led Cricket Australia to commission a report on the state of cricket in Australia and solutions to implement and find success. Published in August 2011, it led to a restructuring of the coaching staff and selection committee for the national team. Between 2006 and 2011 , it has offered their first game to a large number of players.

Cricket rules and spirit of the game

Progress

A cricket match is played between two teams but unlike other sports such as football or rugby, each team plays one after another. At the beginning of the match, the teams draw lots and the one that wins the toss selected " batter " or " run ".
The team that scores bat call here run. The aim of the game is to score as many runs as possible : the team that wins the most number of runs wins the match.
The team that does not beat, throws and catches. That is to say that this is one of the players of the opposing team who will throw the ball with the greatest impact obviously, to make hits difficult. The teammates of the thrower are appointed hunters ( fielders ) and are distributed all over the field to get the ball faster.

Cricket Ground : The place consists in a space shot, pitch and a "field" (field) . This space shot place is in the middle of a wicket with 3 sticks on either side, vertically planted in the ground and on which there are two pieces of wood. The objective of the launcher is to drop the 2 pieces in balance ... The drummer has the duty to protect his wicket from being hit by the ball 

Wicket Cricket: To score a run, the batsman must throw the ball as far as possible in order to have time to run and touch the line opposite the wicket before the ball comes back (about 20m). Every time he touches the line, he will score a run for his team. So the farther the ball is, the more points he ca score: each round trip equals one run. In addition, if the ball is strong and powerful enough and no collector can find it, 4 runs are scored. This is called a “boundary”. If the ball is even more powerful and it comes directly from the ground without touching it (grandstand), 6 runs are scored by the team bat player. This is the most beautiful point a bat player can do.

To stop the progression of the other team, the thrower's team has several alternatives:
- Either the pitcher breaks the wicket ( bat player therefore misses its mission to protect ) .
- A collector catches the ball in flight, he catches it without it touching the ground. This is called a “caught”.
- the bat player protects his wicket with his body instead of doing it with his bat. This is very common when the batsman misses the ball and it hits a leg ... This fault is called “Leg before wicket” or LBW .
-Either the ball is picked up quickly enough for it to come back very quickly at the shooting range and the launcher himself grabs the ball in his hand and hits the wicket before the batsman has returned behind the line. This is called a “Run out” .

In all these cases, the bat player is removed and it is equivalent to a “wicket fall”. However, each team is allowed 10 wickets , so if the 10 wickets fall, the team that beats the team stops playing and the number of runs + 1 will be the goal for the opposing team to win the match.

There are two batsmen in the same team on the field ( active and inactive) arranged on either side of the shooting area. When the ball is batted , the two batsmen run at the same time so that even if there is a run scored ( a simple way trip ) , there is always a bat player for the batter ball ( inactive becomes active and vice versa).

Each pitcher has the right to launch more than 10 overs (60 balls) , and it is the Captain of the team who decides who should start. He plays the role of coach .

Adrien & Amaury

AUSTRALIA - Wildlife

Steve Irwin

Stephen "Steve" Robert Irwin, was born on the 22^nd of February 1962 and died in Essendon on the 4^th of Semptember 2006 in Batt Reef. He was an Australian television host and owner of Australia Zoo, a zoo founded by his parents in Beerwah in the state of Queensland.It opened on June 3^rd, 1970, and it has more than 1,000 animals on forty acres. Steve Irwin was known worldwide for his role as “Crocodile Hunter” on his show The Crocodile Hunter.

In 1991, his passion for crocodiles was filmed during a program on wildlife, when he met his future wife Terri, an American naturalist from Eugene, Oregon. She was in Australia to study wildlife centers rehabilitation and had decided to visit the zoo. According to the couple, it was love at first sight. Terri said at the time: " I thought there was not one like this in the world, he looked like Tarzan , larger than life, a super héro." They got engaged four months later and were married in Eugene on June 4^th, 1992 .

During their honeymoon , Steve irwin and his wife Terry went crocodile catching. This event was filmed by John Stainton, and served to create the first episode aired in 1996. The Crocodile Hunter, is a mix of entertainment and images of the Australian fauna. The following year , the program appeared on the screens in the United States and the United Kingdom. It was broadcasted in over 130 countries, it was seen by over 500 million people. The exuberant and enthusiastic style of Steve, his strong Australian accent, his khaki shorts and his favorite phrase " Crikey !" were now recognized in the whole world. Sir David Attenborough praised Steve for introducing many people to the natural world, saying: "He taught them as it was wonderful and exciting to do this, he was a born communicator."

In 1999 , Steve was invited to the The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. In 2004, he triggered a scandal feeding a crocodile while holding his baby in his arms.

He had two children, a daughter, Bindi Irwin ( born on the 24^th of July 1998 ) and a son , Robert Clarence "Bob" ( the name of the father of Steve) Irwin (born on the 1^st of December 2003). Bindi Sue was named after the name of Steve's two favorite animals: Bindi, a saltwater crocodile , and Sui, a Staffordshire Bull Terrier that died on June 23^rd, 2004. Irwin was as enthusiastic about his family when he was at work. About his daughter Bindi, he said she was " the reason why he was put on the Earth." His wife said : "The only thing that could take him away from the animals he loves are the people he loves even more. " Although the Irwins were happily married, they did not carry wedding rings , because in their work, wearing jewelery could be a danger to themselves and / or animals.

On the 4^th of September 2006, Irwin was really hurt by a stingray while filming a plunge near Batt Reef (part of the Great Barrier Reef), off Port Douglas.

The death of Steve Irwin was completely filmed and Terri Irwin, Steve's wife, put it on the American channel Access Hollywood. The document has since been destroyed to avoid public broadcast. Steve Irwin 's parents refused a national ceremony given by the Prime Minister, favouring a more intimate funeral.

Luis & Ibrahim

AUSTRALIA - Animals

The Koala Bear

The koala is found in coastal regions of Australia on eastern and southern parts. It is one representative of the still living marsupial family. It lives 10 years in average for males and 15 years for female. It has become with the kangaroo, a major symbol of Australia. It only eats the leaves of some species of eucalyptus. After being heavily hunted for its fur, it is now mainly threatened by the fragility of its habitat.

The koala is between 61 and 85 cm and weighs between 4 and 14 kg for the standard species.The measures and proportions of an adult animal depend on age, gender, diet and region. In cooler climates, koalas are generally larger. In Victoria, adult males can reach up to 14 kg, females up to 11 kg. The average weight of the animals in the northern regions is lower : males reach 12 kg , females 8 kg. Queensland koalas, are generally smaller, the average weight of males reaches 8 kg, 6 kg for females. When stressed, the koala can push a loud cry which somewhat resembles that of a human baby. Females as well as males use the cry of stress. It is issued when the individual is stressed and is often accompanied by tremors. Handling koalas may cause them stress and stress resulting from this manipulation is part of the political debate in Australia.

At its birth, the newborn ramps to the pocket of its mother. It then weighs less than an ounce and measures 1.5 to 1.8 cm long (the size of a pea ), it is blind, naked and underdeveloped. It is very comparable to a foetus. Yet, claws and arms are developed enough, which helps it to crawl into the pouch without the help of its mother. The senses of touch and smell are already developed. The baby continues to mature and is breastfed for six to seven months in the pocket. ( The twins are very rare, the first twins born in captivity were named " Euca " and " Lyptus " and were those of the University Of Queensland.) Throughout Australia, koalas births take place every month of the year. in Queensland, 60 % of births take place between December and March, both genders. In South Australia, half of the males are born in November and half of the females are not born until December. There are more males than females in some parts of south Australia.

After about 22 weeks, it opens its eyes and begins to look out of the pocket. Between 22 and 30 weeks, it receives additional food, called " slurry " that its mother produces. The " slurry " is a specific form of a soft material of partially digested leaves that facilitates the transition from milk to young leaves, making it acquire the necessary bacteria to digest eucalyptus leaves. A decisive step. This is when he learns to grasp leaves in its hands and to sniff carefully before eating . However , the young koala still drinks the mother's milk until the age of one year old.

With the beginning of the leafy diet, at about 7 or 8 months old, young koalas grow much faster and become stocky. Now the youth is transported onto the back of its mother, while still seeking refuge in its mother's pouch .

Once bigger, it dares to make its first escapades near the mother. After about 12 months, the young koala is sufficiently independent so that the mother can get pregnant again. Normally, about 18 months young koalas are expelled by the mother. However, if the mother does not expect a new baby, young koalas can still enjoy the maternal protection until another three years . After its expulsion, it is left to find its own territory. Koalas then wander around, looking for a habitat that is unoccupied or near other koalas. Females tend to settle in the area, while males often go further.
Koalas, in a lot of territories, are sometimes forced to travel great distances to find a suitable place . This movement allows genetic exchange between breeding groups and thus ensures the genetic diversity of populations.

Theo & Oceane

AUSTRALIA - Food

Lamingtons

Ingredients:

For the cake
125 g of butter
150 g of caster sugar
1 teaspoon of vanilla extract
2 eggs
250 g of flour
4 teaspoons of yeast
1/8 teaspoon of salt
12 cl of milk

For the frosting
450g of icing sugar
5 tablespoons of cocoa powder
15 g of melted butter
12 cl of milk
400 g of grated coconut

Preparation

Preparation: 15 minutes

Cooking: 40 minutes

Ready: 55 minutes.

1. Preheat the oven at 190°C (th.5)
2. Put butter and flour around a loaf pan (20/30 cm)
3. Sift the flour, baking powder and salt. Set aside.
4. In a bowl, work the softened butter, sugar and vanilla for a light texture.
5. Add eggs, one at a time, beating well after each addition.
6. Gradually add the flour mixture alternately with milk.
7. Pour the batter into the pan.
8. Bake in preheated oven for 30-40 minutes, until a knife inserted in the cake can come out clean.
9. Let stand for 5 minutes, then turn out onto a rack to unmold.
10. Cool completely. It is advisable to put the cake aside for a whole night to make it firm enough for icing.

11.To make the icing: In a bowl, mix the icing sugar and cocoa.
12. In a saucepan, heat the milk and the 15g of butter until it melts.
13. Pour the milk into sugar and cocoa mixture and mix well. The texture should be smooth but not too runny.
14. Cut the cake into 24 squares.
15. Place the coconut onto a plate. Using a fork, dip each square into the icing, then roll in coconut.
16. Place the squares on a rack to dry. As the icing will flow, you can place in the grid some absorbent paper

Sea Trout Pie

ingredients

1 fillet of sea trout of 800 g
8 large lettuce leaves, washed and drained
2 tablespoons of mayonnaise without eggs
1 teaspoon of Dijon mustard
1 tablespoon of lemon juice
10 chopped pickles
1 tablespoon of chopped shallots
1 tablespoon of chopped chives
1 teaspoon of chopped tarragon
1 pinch of pepper
1 tablespoon of olive oil
2 tomatoes, peeled, seeded and chopped

1. Cook lettuce leaves, steam them for 2 minutes. Remove them from the steamer and let them cool on paper towels.
   2. Wash and pat trout fillet with paper towels. Swipe your finger along the net to locate the fish bones and remove them with tweezers.

2. Cut the fish into thin slices then chop them with a large knife. Add this mince in a bowl and add the mayonnaise, mustard, lemon juice, pickles, shallots, chives and tarragon.
3. Mix well, taste and season with salt and pepper. The tartar must have a good consistency.
4. Spread the lettuce leaves, spread tablespoons of tartar on them, then wrap in the form of small tight packages. Using a brush, brush olive oil packets. Put them on a serving dish and arrange the tomatoes sprinkled amid minced chives.
Melanie