NOVEMBER - ENGLAND

                            England

Ce mois ci, les élèves de la 4eme7 vous emmènent en Angleterre. Ils vous font découvrir Big Ben, la fameuse horloge de Londres, Manchester et sa révolution industrielle et ses stades de foot, Henry VIII, le roi aux six épouses et Guy Fawkes qui a faillit faire exploser le roi le 5 Novembre 1605, Covent Garden et ses artistes de rue, l'écureuil gris et le bulldog, Rowan Atkinson, célèbre interprète de Mr Bean, le chanteur Taio Cruz, Wayne Rooney, le célèbre footballer, sans oublier les recettes du Fish & Chips et du Crumble aux fruits rouges.

Bonne lecture.

Melle Kahel

Famous Monument

BIG BEN

Big Ben is a great bell of 13.5 tons which is in the British Parliament in London. It is located in the clock tower at the Westminster Palace.
The first bell was made in 1856. To be able to carry it up to the clock tower, it was installed on a chariot pulled by 16 horses . It splitted up a few months after its installation. On April 10^th , 1858, a second bell was then molded in the Whitechapel foundry. In October of the same year, the bell was moved up 61 meters to the top of the tower in 18 hours . On May 31^st , 1859, the famous clock started . Each year, it is set by placing a piece of a penny on the mechanism if it gets ahead, or removing it for a delay.
The sound of the bell Big Ben (because it was cracked in 1859, just two months after its official inauguration) has a very distinctive tone. For technical reasons, the bell is oriented so that the hammer does not strike the crack.
The clock tower has become the Elizabeth Tower, in honor of the queen.

Origin of the name
Initially, the actual name of this bell is The Great Bell. The origin of the name Big Ben is uncertain. One of the most popular theories about it refers to one who ordered the casting of the bell, Benjamin Hall, a civil engineer and politicians, whose nickname was Ben and was very large (Big). That's why the bell (that was large too) was then called " Big Ben ". Another theory rather refers to the nickname of a boxing champion Ben Caunt who has acquired fame through sixty rounds of a fight with bare fists against Nat Langham, he was a champion on the year the name of the bell was at the heart of debates .

Details on Big Ben

The tower is 96 meters high.
To reach the top of the tower, visitors must pass through 335 steps.
The clock consists of four dials, 7 meters in diameter and a bell weighing 13.5 tons and has a diameter of 2.7 meters and a height of 2.2 meters.
The clock mechanism weighs 5 tons and the hammer weighs 200 kg .
When parliament sits, a British flag waves above the clock.
When parliament meets, the lights are turned on .
The bell rang for the first time on May 31^st, 1859.
The sound of the bell can be heard six kilometers around.
It sounds the hours, quarter hours being sounded by other bells

BIG BEN today
If Big Ben refers strictly to the bell, the English often use the term to talk about the London tower. Since 1859, these are the bells of Big Ben that at midnight on December 31^st advertise in all English homes the beginning of the new year. The sound is broadcast on all televisions and radio stations.
Little Ben

There is also a small clock tower in London, close to Victoria Station, a design similar to Big Ben, it's called “ Little Ben”. Made in 1894, located near a popular meeting place for French visitors arriving at Victoria Station when it was used by the “train + boat” links. Moved in 1961, Little Ben returned after rehabilitation to Victoria in 1981 in partnership with the French oil company Elf Aquitaine, but in 2012 it was moved again in the context of improving the work station and is due to return in 2016 .

Amaury & Adrien

Famous City

Manchester

Manchester has about 500 000 inhabitants. Its inhabitants are called Mancunians .It is the third largest conurbation in the UK by the number of inhabitants and the second expanded area with 2.682.500 inhabitants.

Manchester is the fifteenth most populous urban area in the European Union. The name " Manchester " is used both to describe the town as centre and the suburbian area. Manchester city is located 260 miles northwest of London, on the east bank of the river Irwell . The city is bordered to the south by the Cheshire Plain and the north and east by the Pennines mountain range.

The area where today is located Manchester was once the territory of the Brigantes, an important Celtic tribe living in northern England today. They then had a fortress located on a rocky outcrop where now stands the Cathedral of Manchester, overlooking the banks of the Irwell river.

During the Industrial Revolution, Manchester's history is closely linked to that of the textile industry . The great majority of cotton spinning mills then lies in south Lancashire and north Cheshire , and Manchester was the center of an important work of the cotton industry , and later became the largest trading hub to produce this industry. Thus , Manchester was nicknamed " Cottonopolis " or "the city of warehouses". Manchester City began to expand at an amazing speed in the middle of the nineteenth century, in favor of uncontrolled urbanization caused by the industrial revolution. Many industries were located in the city, making it, in 1835, " undoubtedly the most industrialized city in the world ."

Manchester is a city famous for its sport. Two teams of football Premier League are named after the city: Manchester United and Manchester City. They operate respectively at Old Trafford, the largest football stadium in the UK with 76,000 seats and at the City of Manchester Stadium ( 47,726 seats). Old Trafford , located outside the city in Trafford is after Wembley Stadium and The Emirates Stadium , one of the three English stadiums ranked five stars by UEFA. Lancashire County Cricket Club , located nearby, is also called Old Trafford . Manchester United is the club that has the greatest fans in the world, while Manchester City is the richest club in the world thanks to its very wealthy owners. Old Trafford and Wembley Stadium are the only stadiums in England hosting the final of the Champions League. It is also here that holds the national rugby league championship . The City of Manchester Stadium was built for the Commonwealth Games in 2002 . After the Games, the stadium was prepared for the arrival of Manchester City in 2003. The stadium can accommodate 48,000 spectators and is one of the largest stadiums in England. It hosted the final of the UEFA Cup in 2008.

Manchester City Stadium

Manchester United Stadium

Remy & Marine

Famous People

HENRY VIII

Henry VIII was born on June 28^th 1491 and died on January 28^th 1547 .

He was King of England from 1509 to his death. He was also King of Ireland in the continuity of his father Henry VII . He bore the title of King of France too. Legal and theological controversy over the validity of his first marriage and especially, ending around its cancellation, had considerable religious, political and diplomatic implications . First private , it became a major issue in the late 1520s and had a major European importance and led England to break his link with Rome. Yet he remained a believer in his heart and followed Catholic theological teachings, even after his excommunication from the Catholic Church. After many years, the break was definitive and he created the Anglican Church of England. He married then Anne Boleyn who gave her a little girl (Elizabeth) but he executed her after a few years under a suspicion to have an affair with her own brother. He married Jane Seymour who died giving birth to their only son. Then ha married a European princess Anne of Cleves but he didn't like her so he divorced her to marry Catherine Howard who cheated on him and he executed her and finally he married Catherine Parr but he died before her. Some people called him BlueBeard because he had six wives.

Murat

Famous People

GUY FAWKES

Guy Fawkes's father died when he was only 8 years old. His mother married then a Catholic man. Fawkes became Catholic and left Great Britain. He left for the continent to make war.

When he came back, England had a new king, James I. He hoped this new king would be kind to the Catholics but it wasn't the case. He planned to assasinate King James the first to restore a Catholic monarch on the throne. The conspirators obtained the lease of a crypt beneath the chambers of the Parliament and they stocked barrels of gun powder to blow the parliament and the king on the opening day of the 5^th of November. But Guy Fawkes was denounced and he was taken prisonner, the king was saved. He was tortured and executed and now every year, English people build huge bonfires and burn the effigy of Guy Fawkes on the 5^th of November. They even invented a little poem:

Allan & Valentin

STREET ART - COVENT GARDEN

STREET ART IN ENGLAND

The street art in Covent Garden was noted in the diary of Samuel Pepys, in May 1662, when he recorded the first mention of a Punch and Judy show in Britain. Impromptu musical performances were organized by local celebrity William Cussans in the eighteenth century. Covent Garden is accredited for street performances, and hearing artists for the use of time in a number of places around the market, including North Hall, West Piazza, and South Hall Courtyard. The courtyard is dedicated solely to classical music. There, every day of the year, shows are performed in the Covent Garden Market Street, except on Christmas Day.

In March 2008, the owner of the market, Capco has proposed to reduce street performances to a 30 minute show every hour.

Woman playing the guitar at Covent Garden

This is the inside of Covent Garden

Covent Garden has long-been associated with an area of fun and shopping, and it continues today. Covent Garden has 13 theaters and over 60 pubs and bars, most south of Long Acre, near the main shopping area of the old market. Seven Dials area is in the north of Covent Garden and it was the mecca of punk rock clubs.

Enzo & Quentin

ANIMALS

The Grey Squirrel in England

The grey squirrel weighs a few hundreds grams, its fur is grey, females can mate only twice a year and males can mate all year round. It is omnivorous, feeding on acorns, chestnuts, hazelnuts, berries and other fruits, bark, flowers, buds, eggs and nestlings insects.

It accumulates reserves in the ground or other places.

He must eat every day, even in winter, it can pinpoint its reserves in the snow. It does not have enough energy to survive long without eating.

It lives in parks (St James's Park, Hyde Park) and gardens.
Or they actually live in the forests. The squirrel builds a nest on a bare branch, or in a hollow tree.

Winter nests and nests “of passage” are often occupied by several animals that are looking for heat.

Their young ones are born in spring.

The English Bulldog

The English Bulldog signifies in French “chien-taureau”
This dog is generally originated from Britain.

It appeared in the Middle Ages because it fought against bulls and bears.

The English bulldog almost completely disappeared but some people are fighting to save the race.

Bill George one of its defensor has created a club dedicated to

this race. Nowadays, the dog is considered as a casual dog and not as agressive as it was supposed to be. Today it represents a typical pet.

The English Bulldog is one of the most famous symbols of the United Kingdom.

Regarding the character of the English bullgod it proves quite affectionate and even quite a lazy dog. It is gentle and quiet, this dog is very nice. The bulldog is also stubborn.
This dog therefore request an early age attention.

Melanie & Oceane D

CINEMA

Rowan Atkinson

His name is Rowan Sebastian Atkinson.

He was born on January 6^th, 1955 in the United Kingdom. He is 58 years old. His nationality is British. His profession is an actor, comedian. He made several films such as “The Holiday of Mr Bean”, “Johnny English”, “Johnny English returns”.

He was at the University of Oxford. He quickly became popular in the UK and across Europe.

He is one of the few owners of two of the fastest cars in the world series: A Bugatti Veyron as well as a McLaren F1

Rowan Atkinson and his family

Clément & Dylan

MUSIC

TAIO CRUZ

Taio Cruz, whose real name is Jacob Taio, is an English singer-composer. He was born on the 23^rd of April 1983. He is of Brazilian origin by his mother and Nigerian by his father.

He created « Break your heart ». He started writing this song during his secondary school years. Six years later, he began the production when he was still in high school.

His kind of music is pop and electropop.

He released his first album in 2006. It was called « I just wanna know ».

His most recent album was released in 2010 and it was called « Fast car ».
He works with big names such as David Guetta, Ludacris, Lucenzo and FloRida.

SPORT

Wayne Rooney
Wayne Mark Rooney was born on the 24^th of October 1985 in Liverpool (England). He is an English football player who plays as a striker for Manchester United. He is considered as one of the best strikers in the world, he is also the fourth leading scorer in the history of Manchester United.

Youth and early years
Wayne Rooney grew up in Croxteth, an outlying district east of Liverpool with his two younger brothers . He educated at the local Catholic school, De La Salle Catholic School , he grew up in support of the Everton English club, his idol being Ducan Ferruginous .

After playing in the team of Liverpool Schoolboys and Dynamo Brownwings, Rooney signed for Everton shortly before his eleventh birthday . National recognition followed on October 19^th , 2002 when he became the youngest scorer in the Premier League at the age of 16 years and 360 days old ( record broken twice since , first by James Milner and then by James Vaughan ) during a match against Arsenal.

At the end of 2002, he won the BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year Award given to the sports champions under 17 years old who have made the greatest contribution to the sport during the year. Following the good performance of their players during the Euro 2004, the Everton club claimed they would not terminate their player contracts for less than £ 50 million . Everton also hurried to sign a new contract to Rooney for £ 12,000 a week for three years. But Everton's hopes were frustrated by the refusal of Wayne Rooney leaving for Manchester United and Newcastle united, arguing upon a signature. Rooney was therefore one of the most promising talents in the modern game. The newspapers said at the same time that Newcastle was close to signing the young star for £ 18,000 500, which was confirmed by Rooney 's agent.

Wayne Rooney in Manchester United
Finally , Wayne Rooney signed a six-year contract for Manchester united in the summer of 2004, the transaction was valued at approximately 31 million euros . Upon arrival, Rooney has established himself as one of the top prospects in British football . Scoring more than 10 league goals per season since his early years in the Mancunian club, he received in 2005 and 2006 the award of best hope for his Premier League return, in fact he was one of the main architects of the two championships of England acquired by Manchester United in 2007 and 2008. He also participated in the Mancunian triumph in the champions league.

In the championship game against Manchester City on November 30^th , 2008, he scored the 100th goal of his professional career in all competitions . He won his second League Cup with Manchester in 2009 against Tottenham , three years after he was acquired in 2006 . He kept that title with Manchester in 2010 with the inclusion of the winning goal in the final game against Aston Villa on January 23^rd , 2010 and against Hull Old Trafford, Rooney scored 4 victory goals. On January 31^st against Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium, Rooney scored his 100th Premier League goal. He is an amazing player!

Théo & Océane

English Food

ENGLISH FOOD

FISH & CHIPS

The growing popularity of celebrity chefs on television and radio has fueled a renewed good food and the new British cuisine has helped to undermine the image of hearty fish and chips consciousness. The best restaurants in London equal those of other major cities in the world, the quality and price, and this influence begins to be felt in the rest of the country.

- 1 cup of flour
- 1 glass of " good " beer
- 2 eggs

RED FRUIT CRUMBLE

Ingredients for 4 people
• 600g of mixed berries ( strawberries, raspberries , gooseberries , blackberries ... )
• 120 g of butter
• 80 g of powdered sugar
• 2 teaspoons of vanilla sugar
• 80 g of flour
• 50 g of hazelnuts

Steps of preparation
1 Preheat the oven. 6 (180 ° C). Pour the flour into a bowl, add 80g butter cut into small pieces . Work with your fingertips to get a sandy mixture. Add powdered sugar and crushed hazelnuts .
2 Pour the crumble on a baking sheet covered with parchment paper. Bake 15 min .
3 Rinse and pat dry the strawberries and currants . Hull the strawberries , currants. Wipe with a cloth soft fruits such as raspberries , blackberries ...
4 Heat the remaining butter in a large skillet .
Add all the fruit , sprinkle with vanilla sugar . Roll them in the pan for 5 minutes , just to warm them.
5 Divide the fruit into bowls and cover with a fine layer of crumble . Enjoy immediately .

Ibrahim & Luis